Inflammation and longevity. Can reducing the inflammation contribute to longevity? So, for example, can aspirin help slow aging in low doses? Because aspirin does seem to reduce systemic inflammation, even though it's not overly noticeable at low dose aspirin. But over the course of years and possibly decades, it does make a reduction effect on certain cancers. 

And so what is the connection between the low grade inflammation and longevity? 

We can talk about NSAIDs and a lot for chronic use and long-term health for the whole show. I'm not an expert on that. I think that, there are benefits to curtailing chronic inflammation with aging. You know that we tend to think of inflammation as a bad thing. But it's not right when you have a wound or something like that. You have an inflammatory response to an infection. Dr. Brian Kennedy. Dr. Anton Titov, MD.

And that inflammatory response contributes to healing the wound or getting rid of the foreign agent that's infecting you. The problem is, when you're young, when that's over, you turn the inflammatory signals back down. And you go back to a healthy state.  Dr. Brian Kennedy. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. During aging, you see an increase in chronic inflammation. And that's really the problem. So you have sort of low grade or even immediate, moderate grade inflammatory signaling going on all the time, or most of the time. And that's not healthy for your tissues over the long run. 

And so I think it illustrates a point with aging is that we tend to say we need to turn this up or turn it down, like the mTOR pathway. We need to turn it down. But the truth is, what we need to do is maintain dynamic range that young people have. You needed inflammation on, but it should be on and off when it should be off. And the problem inflammation is not off anymore. Dr. Brian Kennedy. Dr. Anton Titov, MD.

And so losing that dynamic range makes you less adaptable to challenges that happen to your body. And I think most of these pathways that we're talking about, the interventions that extend lifespan, do so by helping to keep the dynamic range for these pathways. 

mTOR is an example, you want mTOR on at times too. So it is a relatively low dose rapamycin, which suppresses the elevation and basal mTOR signaling with aging, and keeps that range. I think that is good for long term health. I'm not sure everyone agrees on that. Dr. Brian Kennedy. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. But that's certainly how I think about how rapamycin. Well, we'll discuss it a little bit later, specifically, because I have a few questions on the rapamycin in particular.