{"product_id":"turmerics-curcumin-specifically-targets-the-cox-2-enzyme-in-colon-cancer-cells-a-2001-laboratory-study-explained-for-patients","title":"Turmeric's Curcumin Specifically Targets the COX-2 Enzyme in Colon Cancer Cells: A 2001 Laboratory Study Explained for Patients","description":"\u003cp\u003eScientists discovered that curcumin—the yellow pigment that gives turmeric its color—specifically blocks the COX-2 enzyme in human colon cancer cells without affecting the related COX-1 enzyme. In laboratory experiments, curcumin slowed the growth of colon cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent way, and it suppressed both the genetic blueprint (mRNA) and the actual protein of COX-2. While this was an early laboratory study, not a human trial, its findings helped lay the groundwork for decades of research into turmeric as a possible colon cancer prevention agent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch1\u003eTurmeric's Curcumin Specifically Targets the COX-2 Enzyme in Colon Cancer Cells: A 2001 Laboratory Study Explained for Patients\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#ddn-key-points\"\u003eKey Points\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#background\"\u003eBackground: Why Turmeric and Colon Cancer?\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#methods\"\u003eStudy Methods: How This Research Was Conducted\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#findings\"\u003eKey Findings: What the Researchers Discovered\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#implications\"\u003eClinical Implications: What This Means for Patients\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#limitations\"\u003eLimitations: What This Study Could Not Prove\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#recommendations\"\u003eRecommendations: Practical Takeaways\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#ddn-faq\"\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#source\"\u003eSource Information\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003c!-- ddn:keypoints:start --\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"ddn-key-points\"\u003eKey Points\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIn a 2001 laboratory study, curcumin slowed growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCurcumin suppressed both COX-2 mRNA and protein, while leaving COX-1 expression unaffected in those colon cancer cells.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThis was an in vitro study using one cell line, not a human trial, so it does not prove curcumin prevents colon cancer.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe study did not measure curcumin absorption or bioavailability, so laboratory concentrations may not be achievable in people.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatients should not replace colon cancer screening or prescribed medications with curcumin; discuss any supplement use with a doctor.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c!-- ddn:keypoints:end --\u003e\n\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"background\"\u003eBackground: Why Turmeric and Colon Cancer?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTurmeric is a bright yellow-orange spice that has been used for thousands of years in Indian cooking and traditional medicine. Its distinctive color comes from a natural compound called \u003cstrong\u003ecurcumin\u003c\/strong\u003e, which is the spice's major yellow pigment and most biologically active component. Even before this 2001 study was published, researchers had already shown that curcumin possesses \u003cstrong\u003eanti-inflammatory\u003c\/strong\u003e (reducing inflammation) and \u003cstrong\u003eanti-cancer\u003c\/strong\u003e (slowing or preventing tumor growth) activities in various laboratory models.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eColon cancer—also called colorectal cancer—is one of the most common cancers worldwide. One key player in its development is an enzyme called \u003cstrong\u003ecyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)\u003c\/strong\u003e. This enzyme is normally present at very low levels in healthy tissues, but it becomes dramatically overproduced in many colon tumors. COX-2 promotes inflammation, helps cancer cells survive, stimulates blood vessel growth that feeds tumors, and makes cancer cells more invasive.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is where the story gets interesting. The human body actually has two closely related COX enzymes with very different jobs:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCOX-1 (cyclooxygenase-1):\u003c\/strong\u003e Produced continuously in the stomach, intestines, kidneys, and platelets. COX-1 protects the stomach lining, supports normal kidney function, and helps blood clotting. It is the \"housekeeping\" enzyme.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCOX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2):\u003c\/strong\u003e Normally absent or very low in most tissues, but rapidly increases during inflammation and in many cancers, including colon cancer. It is the \"troublemaker\" enzyme.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMedications like aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen) work by blocking COX enzymes. However, these drugs suppress \u003cem\u003eboth\u003c\/em\u003e COX-1 and COX-2—which is why long-term use can cause stomach bleeding and ulcers, because COX-1's protective function is lost. This created a strong medical need for compounds that could selectively block only COX-2. The scientific question behind this study was simple but important: could dietary curcumin do exactly that?\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"methods\"\u003eStudy Methods: How This Research Was Conducted\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers at the University of California, San Diego designed a laboratory experiment to investigate whether curcumin could suppress COX-2 expression in colon cancer cells. It is important to understand that this was an \u003cstrong\u003ein vitro\u003c\/strong\u003e (test-tube\/laboratory dish) study, not a study in living humans or even living animals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe research team used a specific, well-established laboratory cell line called \u003cstrong\u003eHT-29 human colon cancer cells\u003c\/strong\u003e. These cells, originally derived from a human colon cancer patient, are widely used in cancer research because they grow reliably in the laboratory and are known to express COX-2, making them an appropriate model for studying colon cancer biology.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental approach involved several key steps:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTreating cells with curcumin:\u003c\/strong\u003e The HT-29 cells were exposed to various concentrations (doses) of curcumin. The study explicitly looked at \u003cstrong\u003enon-toxic concentrations\u003c\/strong\u003e—doses low enough that the cells were not simply being killed outright by poisoning, but were still receiving a biologically meaningful amount of the compound.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMeasuring cell growth over time:\u003c\/strong\u003e The researchers tracked how curcumin affected the proliferation (multiplication and growth) of the colon cancer cells at multiple time points. This allowed them to determine whether the effect was both concentration-dependent (higher doses produced stronger effects) and time-dependent (longer exposure produced stronger effects).\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTesting COX-2 mRNA levels:\u003c\/strong\u003e The researchers measured \u003cstrong\u003emRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid)\u003c\/strong\u003e—the molecular \"blueprint\" or copy of the genetic instructions that the cell uses to build the COX-2 protein. If curcumin lowered mRNA levels, that would mean it was preventing COX-2 from being produced at the genetic level.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTesting COX-2 protein levels:\u003c\/strong\u003e They also measured the actual \u003cstrong\u003eCOX-2 protein\u003c\/strong\u003e—the final, functional enzyme molecule that performs the inflammatory work in the cell. This is the essential confirmation because mRNA alone does not always translate into protein.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eChecking COX-1:\u003c\/strong\u003e Critically, the researchers also measured COX-1 mRNA and protein to see whether curcumin was non-selectively suppressing \u003cem\u003eboth\u003c\/em\u003e enzymes or specifically targeting only COX-2.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis careful experimental design meant the researchers could distinguish between general toxicity (killing all cells indiscriminately) and specific inhibition (targeting a particular cancer-promoting pathway), which is exactly the kind of distinction that matters for developing safe cancer-prevention strategies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"findings\"\u003eKey Findings: What the Researchers Discovered\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe study produced three main results, each of which builds on the others to tell a coherent story.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinding 1: Curcumin inhibited growth of colon cancer cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.\u003c\/strong\u003e The HT-29 colon cancer cells grew more slowly when treated with curcumin, and the degree of growth suppression was directly related to how much curcumin they received and how long they were exposed to it. Higher concentrations of curcumin led to proportionally more growth inhibition, and longer exposure times produced stronger effects. The fact that this dose-response and time-response relationship existed is strong evidence that curcumin was acting through specific biological mechanisms rather than through a random, unpredictable toxic effect.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinding 2: Curcumin markedly inhibited COX-2 mRNA and protein expression.\u003c\/strong\u003e This was the central discovery of the paper. Curcumin significantly reduced both the messenger RNA (the genetic template) and the mature protein of COX-2 in the colon cancer cells. In other words, curcumin shut down the COX-2 production line at both the \"blueprint\" stage and the \"finished product\" stage. This double-level suppression is noteworthy because it indicates that curcumin may act on the fundamental gene expression machinery, not just on the enzyme's activity after it has already been made.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinding 3: Curcumin did NOT inhibit COX-1 expression.\u003c\/strong\u003e This is arguably the most clinically relevant finding. Even though curcumin markedly suppressed COX-2 in the same cells, it left COX-1 completely unaffected. The researchers specifically stated that COX-1 expression was not inhibited. This selectivity is exactly what researchers had been hoping to find, because it suggests curcumin could potentially provide the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer benefits of COX-2 suppression without the stomach damage and bleeding risks associated with nonselective COX inhibitors like traditional NSAIDs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePutting these findings together, the authors concluded that \"a non-toxic concentration of curcumin has a significant effect on the in vitro growth of HT-29 cells, specifically inhibits COX-2 expression, and may have value as a safe chemopreventive agent for colon cancer.\" The phrase \u003cstrong\u003e\"chemopreventive agent\"\u003c\/strong\u003e refers to a natural or synthetic compound that can prevent, delay, or reverse the development of cancer—as opposed to a treatment given after cancer is already diagnosed.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"implications\"\u003eClinical Implications: What This Means for Patients\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was a foundational laboratory finding, and its implications ripple outward in several important directions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelective COX-2 inhibition is a \"holy grail\" strategy.\u003c\/strong\u003e Before this research, the medical community already knew that blocking COX-2 was desirable for cancer prevention, but the available options were imperfect. Traditional NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen blocked both COX-1 and COX-2, causing serious gastrointestinal side effects with long-term use. Selective COX-2 inhibitor drugs (like celecoxib, marketed as Celebrex) were being developed, but these synthetic drugs had their own cardiovascular safety concerns in some patients. Curcumin offered a naturally occurring alternative that demonstrated the same selectivity—targeting COX-2 while sparing COX-1—potentially making it an attractive, gentler option for long-term daily use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFood as medicine.\u003c\/strong\u003e Because curcumin is a natural component of a common, inexpensive dietary spice, it fits neatly into the growing interest in \"chemoprevention through diet.\" People have consumed turmeric safely for centuries at culinary doses, which suggested (at least theoretically) that longer-term use might carry fewer risks than synthetic drugs. The paper's explicit claim about curcumin being a \"safe\" chemopreventive agent was a direct nod to this idea.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoundation for future research.\u003c\/strong\u003e This study helped establish the mechanistic rationale that would launch hundreds of subsequent research projects. By showing exactly \u003cem\u003ehow\u003c\/em\u003e curcumin works at the molecular level—specifically suppressing COX-2 gene expression and protein production—the authors provided a scientific platform for later studies on curcumin in animal models of colon cancer, on the development of curcumin formulations with better absorption, and eventually on human clinical trials.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"limitations\"\u003eLimitations: What This Study Could Not Prove\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor patients reading about this research, it is essential to understand what this study did \u003cem\u003enot\u003c\/em\u003e show. The limitations are significant, and honest reporting of them is critical:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIn vitro only:\u003c\/strong\u003e This study was conducted entirely in a laboratory dish using a single colon cancer cell line (HT-29). It did not involve animals or humans. Laboratory cell behavior does not always predict what happens inside a complex living body, where absorption, metabolism, and tissue barriers all come into play.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNo measurement of curcumin absorption or bioavailability:\u003c\/strong\u003e Curcumin is notoriously poorly absorbed by the human digestive tract. The study did not address whether the concentrations that worked in the laboratory could actually be achieved in human colon tissue by eating turmeric or taking supplements.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSingle cell line:\u003c\/strong\u003e The finding was demonstrated in one type of colon cancer cell. Other colon cancer cell lines may behave differently, and normal colon cells were not tested for potential side effects from curcumin.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNo animal or human safety data:\u003c\/strong\u003e Although the authors called curcumin \"safe,\" that conclusion was inferred from its long culinary history, not from controlled safety studies in this experimental context.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMechanism not fully explored:\u003c\/strong\u003e The study showed \u003cem\u003ethat\u003c\/em\u003e curcumin suppressed COX-2, but it did not fully explain the precise molecular chain of events by which curcumin achieved this suppression—whether it acted on gene transcription, messenger RNA stability, translation, or some combination of these steps.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDid not test clinically relevant endpoints:\u003c\/strong\u003e The study measured enzyme expression and cell growth in a dish. It did not measure actual tumor formation, cancer progression, survival, or patient outcomes.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"recommendations\"\u003eRecommendations: Practical Takeaways\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eGiven the exploratory nature of this research, patients should take away several balanced, practical messages:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDo not use curcumin supplements as a replacement for colon cancer screening.\u003c\/strong\u003e This study does not prove that curcumin prevents colon cancer in humans. Colonoscopy and other recommended screenings remain the most powerful tools for preventing colon cancer and detecting it early.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDo not stop or change any prescribed medications without discussing it with your doctor.\u003c\/strong\u003e If you are taking NSAIDs, aspirin, or other anti-inflammatory medications for legitimate medical reasons, curcumin research does not justify replacing them on your own.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIncluding turmeric in your cooking is reasonable and generally considered safe.\u003c\/strong\u003e Culinary amounts of turmeric as a spice are a time-honored part of a healthy diet. This study adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that turmeric may have beneficial biological effects.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIf you take curcumin supplements, understand the limitations.\u003c\/strong\u003e Because curcumin is poorly absorbed, many supplements use additives like black pepper extract (piperine) or fat-based formulations to enhance absorption. Even so, supplement quality, purity, and dosage vary widely, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not regulate dietary supplements with the same rigor as drugs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTalk to your cancer care team first.\u003c\/strong\u003e For patients with a history of colon cancer, polyps, or inflammatory bowel disease (which raises colon cancer risk), any supplement use should be discussed with an oncologist or gastroenterologist. Some supplements can interact with chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatments.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePay attention to the ongoing research.\u003c\/strong\u003e Since this 2001 paper was published, it has been cited by hundreds of subsequent studies. The scientific understanding of curcumin has grown considerably, and newer clinical trials continue to refine our knowledge. Stay informed through reputable medical sources and your healthcare providers.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the most patient-relevant bottom line is this: this study was an important scientific stepping stone that suggested turmeric's active compound might one day play a role in colon cancer prevention, but it should be viewed as a promising clue requiring much more investigation—not as proof that a spice can cure or prevent cancer by itself.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003c!-- ddn:faq:start --\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"ddn-faq\"\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat did this study find about curcumin and colon cancer cells?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn laboratory experiments, curcumin slowed the growth of human colon cancer cells. It suppressed both the genetic blueprint and protein of the COX-2 enzyme, which promotes inflammation and cancer growth, while leaving the related COX-1 enzyme unaffected. This was an early test-tube study, not a human trial, and does not prove curcumin prevents colon cancer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eShould I take curcumin supplements to prevent colon cancer based on this study?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo. This was a laboratory study using one colon cancer cell line, not proof that curcumin prevents colon cancer in people. Colonoscopy and other recommended screenings remain the most powerful tools for prevention. If you are considering supplements, discuss them with your healthcare provider, especially if you have a history of colon cancer or polyps.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCould curcumin be a safer alternative to aspirin or ibuprofen?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study suggests curcumin selectively inhibits COX-2 while sparing COX-1, which could theoretically avoid stomach damage caused by NSAIDs. However, researchers did not test safety or side effects in animals or humans. Do not stop or change any prescribed medications without discussing it with your doctor, as curcumin research does not justify replacing them on your own.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHow was this study conducted?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers used HT-29 human colon cancer cells in laboratory dishes. They exposed the cells to various non-toxic concentrations of curcumin, then measured cell growth, COX-2 mRNA, COX-2 protein, and COX-1 levels. This allowed them to see if curcumin inhibited cancer cell growth and whether the effect was specific to COX-2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat are the main limitations of this study?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was done only in test tubes, not in animals or humans. It used a single colon cancer cell line and did not measure how much curcumin actually reaches colon tissue after eating turmeric or taking supplements. The researchers also did not fully explain the exact mechanism by which curcumin suppressed COX-2, nor did they test tumor formation or patient outcomes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eI've read that curcumin can target the COX-2 enzyme and maybe prevent colon cancer. Should I get a second opinion before starting curcumin supplements for colon cancer prevention?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA 2001 laboratory study showed that curcumin specifically inhibited COX-2 expression in colon cancer cells without affecting COX-1, but it was not a human trial and did not prove that curcumin prevents colon cancer in people. Curcumin is poorly absorbed, and supplements are not regulated by the FDA. For anyone with a history of colon cancer, polyps, or inflammatory bowel disease, a second opinion can help determine whether curcumin supplements are appropriate before starting them. Diagnostic Detectives Network provides independent expert second opinions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c!-- ddn:faq:end --\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"source\"\u003eSource Information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriginal Article Title:\u003c\/strong\u003e Specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by dietary curcumin in HT-29 human colon cancer cells\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDOI:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-3835(01)00655-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003e10.1016\/S0304-3835(01)00655-3\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/strong\u003e Ajay Goel, C. Richard Boland, Dharam P. Chauhan\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJournal:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cancer Letters, Volume 172, Issue 2, 30 October 2001, Pages 111–118\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDOI:\u003c\/strong\u003e 10.1016\/S0304-3835(01)00655-3\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c\/strong\u003e This work was supported in part by a grant \"Complementary Therapies in Medicine\" awarded to D.P.C.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCopyright:\u003c\/strong\u003e Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd., 2001\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThis patient-friendly article is based on peer-reviewed research. It has been written to explain the original scientific findings in plain language and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Patients should consult their healthcare providers regarding any questions about turmeric, curcumin supplements, colon cancer risk, or treatment options.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DiagnosticDetectives.Com","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47545206440092,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/diagnosticdetectives.com\/zh\/products\/turmerics-curcumin-specifically-targets-the-cox-2-enzyme-in-colon-cancer-cells-a-2001-laboratory-study-explained-for-patients","provider":"DiagnosticDetectives.Com","version":"1.0","type":"link"}