{"product_id":"cancer-treatment-in-older-adults-what-the-latest-research-shows-about-age-related-differences","title":"Cancer Treatment in Older Adults: What the Latest Research Shows About Age-Related Differences","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis systematic review examined the latest research on how cancer treatment differs between older adults (age 60 and above) and younger patients. Analyzing 102 studies published between January 2019 and August 2023, the researchers found a consistent pattern: older patients are less likely to receive cancer treatment and have poorer survival outcomes than middle-aged patients, with the most pronounced differences seen in patients over age 80. However, when older patients are carefully selected for treatment, their complication rates and survival outcomes are often comparable to those of younger patients, suggesting that age alone should not be the determining factor in cancer treatment decisions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch1\u003eCancer Treatment in Older Adults: What the Latest Research Shows About Age-Related Differences\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003eTable of Contents\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#ddn-key-points\"\u003eKey Points\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#background\"\u003eBackground: Why This Research Matters\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#methods\"\u003eStudy Methods: How the Review Was Conducted\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#study-characteristics\"\u003eCharacteristics of the Included Studies\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#unselected-findings\"\u003eKey Findings: Treatment Differences for All Patients\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#selected-findings\"\u003eKey Findings: Outcomes for Patients Selected for Treatment\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#implications\"\u003eClinical Implications: What This Means for Patients\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#limitations\"\u003eStudy Limitations\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#recommendations\"\u003eRecommendations for Patients and Families\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#ddn-faq\"\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#source\"\u003eSource Information\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003c!-- ddn:keypoints:start --\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"ddn-key-points\"\u003eKey Points\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOlder adults are less likely to receive cancer treatment and have poorer survival than younger patients, with the largest gaps in those over 80.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhen older patients are carefully selected for treatment, complication rates and survival are often comparable to younger patients.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAge alone should not determine cancer treatment decisions; a comprehensive geriatric assessment helps predict treatment tolerance.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTreatment differences were smaller for good-prognosis cancers like breast cancer and larger for poor-prognosis cancers like lung and pancreatic cancer.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMore research is urgently needed, especially on the frailest and oldest patients, to guide evidence-based treatment decisions.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c!-- ddn:keypoints:end --\u003e\n\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"background\"\u003eBackground: Why This Research Matters\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe world's population is aging rapidly. The number of people aged 65 years and older worldwide is projected to more than double in the coming decades, with even faster growth among those over 80 years old. This demographic shift means cancer care for older adults is becoming an increasingly urgent public health priority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCancer is fundamentally a disease of aging, yet older patients are often underrepresented in clinical trials and treatment research. Because the older population is extremely diverse—some adults remain fit and active, while others face frailty, chronic illness, or age-related changes in organ function—understanding how age affects cancer treatment is complex.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral factors are commonly cited when treatment deviates from standard guidelines for older patients. These include the presence of comorbidities (other medical conditions), poorer overall health status, more advanced cancer stage at diagnosis, and patient preferences. This review set out to synthesize the most recent evidence on whether these deviations are justified or whether they represent undertreatment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"methods\"\u003eStudy Methods: How the Review Was Conducted\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe research team, led by Esther Bastiaannet (University of Zurich, Switzerland) and Sophie Pilleron (Luxembourg Institute of Health), pre-registered their review protocol in PROSPERO, an international database for systematic reviews (registration number CRD42023450654). They searched two major medical databases—Embase and MEDLINE—for papers published from January 1, 2019, to August 3, 2023.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe search was designed to identify studies that met three inclusion criteria:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe paper was primarily focused on treatment differences\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe comparison was between younger patients and older patients (age 60 and above, with any acceptable age cut-off)\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe paper was published in English\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eStudies were excluded if they did not include an age group comparison, focused only on survival outcomes, included only a small subset of patients at a specific cancer stage, or assessed a new surgical technique or non-standard systemic treatment. Conference abstracts, reviews, editorials, and letters were also excluded. Two independent reviewers screened all titles and abstracts, with disputes resolved by a third reviewer.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFrom this process, 440 papers were selected for full-text review. After applying all criteria, 101 papers were included, plus 1 additional study added by the co-author that had met inclusion criteria but had not appeared in the initial full-text selection—bringing the final total to \u003cstrong\u003e102 articles\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"study-characteristics\"\u003eCharacteristics of the Included Studies\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe studies covered a wide range of cancer types. Fifteen studies focused on cancers that occur specifically in females, including breast (4 studies), cervical (4 studies), ovarian (4 studies), endometrial (2 studies), and vulvar (1 study) cancers. A large proportion of studies examined age-related differences in colorectal cancers: 10 studies on rectal cancer, 6 on colon cancer, and 7 on colorectal cancer combined.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOther cancer sites studied included:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eGastric (stomach) cancer: 5 studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eEsophageal cancer: 7 studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePancreatic cancer: 12 studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eLung cancer: 9 studies (including both small cell lung cancer [SCLC] and non-small cell lung cancer [NSCLC])\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eMetastatic disease across various cancer types: 7 studies\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eGeographically, most research came from Europe, accounting for 36% of studies. The United States contributed 24 studies (23%), and Japan contributed 15 studies (15%). The majority of studies (56%) were conducted at single centers (one hospital or cancer center), while 29 studies (28%) were population-based registry studies, and the remainder were multicenter studies. Study sizes ranged widely, from small cohorts of just over 100 patients to massive registry-based analyses including more than 170,000 patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"unselected-findings\"\u003eKey Findings: Treatment Differences for All Patients\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen all patients were considered together—regardless of whether they actually received treatment—a clear and consistent pattern emerged. Older adults were more likely to receive \u003cstrong\u003eno treatment at all\u003c\/strong\u003e or no (neo)adjuvant treatment compared to younger adults. This finding held true across cancer types, treatment modalities, countries, and healthcare settings.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eSpecific Examples of Treatment Gaps\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePancreatic cancer showed some of the largest gaps. In one study, 33% of younger patients received no treatment, compared to 67% of patients over age 60. Lung cancer also showed significant differences in a German study: 4.4% of younger patients received no treatment, compared to 20.2% of patients over 65, and a striking 54.7% of patients over age 80.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor anal cancer, one population-based study found that palliative treatment was actually given more often to older patients: 16.1% of older patients versus 11.2% of younger patients. Similarly, for rectal cancer, bypass surgery or stoma (procedures that manage symptoms rather than cure the cancer) was performed in 5% of patients under 65, 10% of those aged 65–79, and 26% of those aged 80 and older.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, one study on cervical cancer found no meaningful difference in chemotherapy rates across age groups: 47.3% for women under 65 versus 47.0% for those 65 and older.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Age 80 Threshold\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eStudies that used 80 years as the age cut-off found that differences in treatment were especially pronounced in the oldest patients. For example, differences in chemotherapy non-receipt reached up to 34% when comparing the youngest to the oldest age groups. This suggests that the oldest-old may face the greatest barriers to treatment access.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eGood versus Poor Prognosis Cancers\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eNot all cancers showed the same pattern. Treatment differences—particularly the omission of therapy—were often smaller (typically less than 10%) for good-prognosis cancer types such as breast cancer. For example, one breast cancer study found relatively small differences in treatment rates between younger and older patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, an exception was noted in cervical cancer, where 62% of younger patients underwent surgery compared to only 36% of older patients. For poor-prognosis cancers like lung and pancreatic cancer, differences in treatment rates across age groups were typically much larger.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eSurvival Outcomes\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAcross the board, older patients had poorer survival compared to middle-aged patients, regardless of whether the studies measured overall survival (how long patients lived regardless of cause of death) or cancer-specific survival (how long patients lived before dying specifically from their cancer). Survival differences were again most pronounced among patients over age 80.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"selected-findings\"\u003eKey Findings: Outcomes for Patients Selected for Treatment\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe picture changes dramatically when the focus shifts to patients who actually received treatment. Among these selected patients, outcomes were often comparable between older and younger patients—a finding with profound clinical implications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eSurgical Patients\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAmong patients who underwent surgery, older patients were consistently less likely to receive neoadjuvant therapy (treatment given before surgery to shrink tumors) or adjuvant therapy (treatment given after surgery to prevent recurrence), regardless of cancer type. This trend appeared across gastric, esophageal, colon, rectal, pancreatic, ovarian, and other cancers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, for those who did undergo surgery, postoperative complication rates were frequently not significantly different between age groups. This was particularly true in pancreatic cancer studies, where complication rates were comparable across age groups. For colon and colorectal cancer, the results were mixed: some studies found significant differences in postoperative complications between age groups, while others found similar rates. The researchers noted that these differences may be explained by differences in which patients were selected for surgery in the first place.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne large colorectal cancer study highlighted the age-divide at 80. Complication rates were 13% versus 21% for colon cancer and 11% versus 23% for rectal cancer when comparing younger to older patients. Thirty-day mortality (death within 30 days of surgery) was 0.9 versus 3.3 for colon cancer and 0.4 versus 3.1 for rectal cancer, respectively.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003ePatients Receiving Systemic Treatment\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eOlder patients receiving chemotherapy were less likely to complete their full treatment course, with lower completion rates reported in several studies. However, when older patients did receive the treatment, complications, adverse event rates, and survival were usually comparable to younger patients.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis was particularly notable for immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Studies on patients receiving immunotherapy found that the number of cycles or median doses received was similar between younger and older patients. Overall survival and progression-free survival (time before the cancer worsens) were comparable across age groups in most studies examining these therapies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAmong patients with poor-prognosis cancers like pancreatic cancer, adverse events after surgery were generally not significantly different between age groups. This held true across multiple studies and suggests that older patients can tolerate aggressive treatment when appropriately selected.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"implications\"\u003eClinical Implications: What This Means for Patients\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings from this review carry several important messages. First, the consistent pattern of older patients receiving less treatment—including more frequent complete omission of therapy—raises the question of whether some of these decisions represent \u003cstrong\u003eundertreatment\u003c\/strong\u003e rather than appropriately tailored care.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers acknowledge that many valid reasons may explain why older patients do not receive treatment. These include:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePoorer overall health status and frailty\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eAn unfavorable risk–benefit balance for some treatments\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eLimited remaining life expectancy due to other conditions\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003ePatient preferences to avoid invasive treatments or side effects\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003eThe presence of multiple chronic conditions (multimorbidity)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the review also highlights a concerning gap in scientific evidence. There is a lack of robust data on treatment effectiveness specifically in multimorbid and oldest patients. Without this evidence, treatment decisions are often made based on assumptions rather than data—potentially leading some older patients to be denied treatments that would benefit them.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePerhaps the most significant finding for patients is this: when older adults are selected for treatment, they experience comparable complications, adverse events, and survival rates to younger patients. This runs counter to the assumption that age itself makes treatment too risky or ineffective. The key appears to be \u003cstrong\u003ecareful patient selection\u003c\/strong\u003e based on individual health status rather than chronological age.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"limitations\"\u003eStudy Limitations\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers noted several limitations of their review. Most of the included studies were conducted in Europe or the United States, with less representation from other regions of the world, which may limit the generalizability of findings to other healthcare systems and populations.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of studies were also single-center reports, and many had relatively small sample sizes. The studies varied widely in their age cut-offs, cancer types, treatment settings, and outcome measures, making direct comparisons between studies difficult. Additionally, the review focused on papers published in English, which may exclude relevant research published in other languages.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCritically, because this was a review of observational studies (rather than randomized controlled trials), it cannot prove that age directly causes the treatment differences observed. Other unmeasured factors—such as frailty, cognitive status, social support, or life expectancy—could explain some of the differences attributed to age. Selection bias is also a significant concern: the fact that older patients who were selected for treatment did well may partly reflect that clinicians chose only the healthiest older patients for treatment—a phenomenon known as \"selection of the fittest.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"recommendations\"\u003eRecommendations for Patients and Families\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eBased on this research, older adults facing a cancer diagnosis and their families should consider the following:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDon't let age alone be the deciding factor.\u003c\/strong\u003e The evidence strongly suggests that many older patients can tolerate cancer treatment and achieve outcomes comparable to younger patients. Ask your care team to assess your overall health, frailty level, and functional status—not just your age.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSeek a comprehensive geriatric assessment.\u003c\/strong\u003e This type of evaluation goes beyond standard oncology assessment to look at your physical function, nutrition, cognitive health, medications, and social support. It can help your doctors predict whether you are likely to tolerate treatment well.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAsk about all treatment options.\u003c\/strong\u003e Older patients are less likely to be offered surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy. If you are not offered a treatment, ask why—and whether your individual health status supports or rules it out.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDiscuss the possibility of side effects with realistic expectations.\u003c\/strong\u003e While older patients selected for treatment had comparable complication rates to younger patients in the reviewed studies, treatment completion rates were lower. Working closely with your care team to manage side effects early may improve your chances of completing treatment.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBe aware of the gap at age 80.\u003c\/strong\u003e Differences in treatment rates and outcomes were most pronounced in patients over 80 years. If you or your loved one is in this age group, be especially proactive about ensuring that treatment decisions are based on individual health status and preferences, not assumptions about your age.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMake your wishes known.\u003c\/strong\u003e Patient preference is a valid and important reason to choose or decline treatment. Be clear with your care team about your priorities—whether that means prolonging life at all costs, preserving quality of life, or something in between.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAsk whether your cancer center routinely includes older adults in treatment decisions.\u003c\/strong\u003e Research participation matters. If you are asked to join a clinical trial, know that your participation helps build the evidence needed to improve cancer care for future generations of older adults.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors also emphasized an urgent research need: more studies on treatment in older cancer patients, particularly the frailest and the oldest, to provide the data needed to tailor treatments appropriately. As the population continues to age, filling this evidence gap becomes ever more critical.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn summary, while the review confirms that older adults receive less cancer treatment and fare worse in terms of survival, it also offers an important message of hope: older patients who are selected for treatment and choose to proceed can do remarkably well. The challenge—for both clinicians and patients—is ensuring that these selections are based on evidence and individual health status rather than age alone.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003c!-- ddn:faq:start --\u003e\n\u003ch2 id=\"ddn-faq\"\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMy parent is over 80 and was just diagnosed with cancer. Are they too old for treatment?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo, age alone should not decide. The research found the largest treatment differences and poorer survival in patients over 80. However, when older patients are carefully selected for treatment, complication rates and survival are often comparable to younger patients. Ask your care team to assess your parent's overall health, frailty, and functional status, not just their age.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eShould older adults receive the same cancer treatment as younger patients?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research shows older patients are less likely to receive any cancer treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Yet among those who do receive treatment, outcomes are often comparable to younger patients. The key is careful patient selection based on individual health status, frailty, and personal preferences, not chronological age alone. Treatment decisions should be individualized.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat is a comprehensive geriatric assessment and why does it matter?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is an evaluation that goes beyond standard oncology assessment to look at physical function, nutrition, cognitive health, medications, and social support. The article recommends older adults facing cancer ask for one because it helps doctors predict whether they are likely to tolerate treatment well. This assessment supports decisions based on health status rather than age alone.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHow much less likely are older patients to get cancer treatment?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferences were consistent across studies. For example, in one pancreatic cancer study, 33% of younger patients received no treatment compared to 67% of patients over 60. For lung cancer in a German study, 4.4% of younger patients received no treatment versus 20.2% of those over 65, and 54.7% of those over 80.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDo older patients have more side effects from cancer treatment?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the reviewed studies, when older patients were selected for treatment, complication rates and adverse events were frequently comparable to younger patients, particularly for immunotherapy and chemotherapy. However, older patients were less likely to complete their full treatment course. Working closely with your care team to manage side effects early may improve the chance of completing treatment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhy are survival outcomes worse for older patients?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe review found that older patients had poorer overall and cancer-specific survival compared to middle-aged patients, with the largest differences in those over 80. However, the authors note this is an observational review, so it cannot prove that age directly causes worse outcomes. Factors like frailty, other illnesses, or treatment differences may explain some of the survival gaps.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat should I ask my oncology team about treatment options for my older parent?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsk for a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Ask about all treatment options, and if a treatment is not offered, ask why and whether your parent's individual health supports or rules it out. Discuss realistic expectations about side effects and completion rates. Make your parent's wishes known—whether prioritizing quality of life or prolonging life—and ask how their age is influencing the recommendation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCan a second opinion change the cancer treatment plan for an older adult?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOlder adults are less likely to be offered cancer treatment, and treatment gaps widen after age 80. Yet among patients who receive treatment, complication rates and survival are often comparable to younger patients. A second opinion can help ensure that decisions rest on individual health status, frailty, and preferences—not on age alone. Ask about a comprehensive geriatric assessment and whether all treatment options have been considered. Diagnostic Detectives Network provides independent expert second opinions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c!-- ddn:faq:end --\u003e\n\n\u003ch2 id=\"source\"\u003eSource Information\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOriginal article title:\u003c\/strong\u003e Epidemiology of cancer in older adults: a systematic review of age-related differences in solid malignancies treatment.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors:\u003c\/strong\u003e Bastiaannet E, Pilleron S.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJournal:\u003c\/strong\u003e Current Oncology Reports (2025) 27:290–311\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublication date:\u003c\/strong\u003e Published online February 15, 2025 (accepted January 9, 2025)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDOI:\u003c\/strong\u003e https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11912-025-01638-6\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReview registration:\u003c\/strong\u003e PROSPERO CRD42023450654\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis patient-friendly article is based on peer-reviewed research. The original systematic review was published under open access terms (© The Author(s) 2025).\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"DiagnosticDetectives.Com","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47527652622492,"sku":null,"price":0.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/diagnosticdetectives.com\/zh\/products\/cancer-treatment-in-older-adults-what-the-latest-research-shows-about-age-related-differences","provider":"DiagnosticDetectives.Com","version":"1.0","type":"link"}